Sources, texts and licences

Interlinear Bible · www.bible.in.ua

This page says exactly what the interlinear is made from: which printed editions stand behind the Greek, the Hebrew and the Latin, where the morphological tagging and the Strong’s numbers come from, and on what terms each of these may be used. If you are going to cite this collection in academic work, this is the page you want.

The original texts

Greek New Testament

The text of the fifth edition of the Greek New Testament of the United Bible Societies (UBS5, 2014), textually identical to the 28th edition of Nestle–Aland (NA28).

Greek Old Testament — the Septuagint

Septuaginta, ed. Alfred Rahlfs, Württembergische Bibelanstalt, Stuttgart, 1952 (5th edition).

2 Esdras (4 Ezra) — from the Latin

Biblia Sacra iuxta Vulgatam versionem, ed. R. Weber, R. Gryson, Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, Stuttgart. The Greek of this book is lost entirely, and the Latin is the oldest full witness to it.

1 Enoch — from the surviving Greek

Codex Panopolitanus (the Akhmim manuscript), Codex Vaticanus gr. 1809, the Chester Beatty–Michigan papyrus, and the extracts preserved by George Syncellus. This book is not part of the Rahlfs edition, and its Greek survives only in part.

Greek dictionary articles — in the English shell

The article shown under a Greek dictionary form is taken from TBESG — the Translators Brief lexicon of Extended Strongs for Greek (Abbott-Smith, A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament), published by STEPBible, Tyndale House, Cambridge, under CC BY 4.0. Nothing in it was altered: the article is shown as published, its own reference tags unwrapped to plain text. In the Russian shell the article is Dvoretsky’s Greek–Russian lexicon instead.

Latin dictionary articles — in the English shell

The article shown under a Latin dictionary form is taken from WORDS, the Latin dictionary of Col. William Whitaker (USAF, ret.), whose licence states that “permission is hereby freely given for any and all use of program and data”; the data file is kept at whitakers-words. Each article was cut to its first senses and the compiler’s own source tags dropped; the proper names and the late Latin of the Vulgate, which WORDS does not carry, were compiled for this edition. In the Russian shell the article is one written for this edition, there being no free Latin–Russian lexicon to draw on.

Hebrew dictionary articles — in the English shell

The article shown under a Hebrew dictionary form is Strong’s Hebrew Dictionary (1890), which is in the public domain; the machine-readable text comes from the Open Scriptures Hebrew Bible Project, whose files are released under CC BY 4.0. The Russian shell shows the same dictionary in Russian translation, so the two shells differ in language and not in source. TBESH, the other STEPBible lexicon, was not used: its long meanings are the abridged BDB of Online Bible, which its own header says needs their permission before use.

Hebrew Old Testament — the Masoretic text

The pointed text with cantillation, together with its morphological tagging and Strong’s numbers, is taken from TAHOT — the Translators Amalgamated Hebrew Old Testament, published by STEPBible, Tyndale House, Cambridge, under CC BY 4.0. See the attribution below.

Parsing, pronunciation, numbering

• Greek morphology follows Robinson’s system of codes, the one used by the standard tagged editions of the Greek New Testament.
• Hebrew morphology and Strong’s numbers come with TAHOT (see above).
• The pronunciation of the Hebrew is not stored anywhere — it is worked out from the pointing and the cantillation of each word as the page is built, which is why it can be shown in several reading traditions (Sephardi, Ashkenazi, Yemenite, Samaritan, Tiberian and others) without keeping several texts.
• Verse numbering. The Greek Old Testament is numbered as the Septuagint numbers it, and the Hebrew as the Masoretic text does; where the two diverge — most visibly in the Psalms and in Jeremiah — the correspondence is worked out and is what the parallel view is built on.

Reference works used in making the translation

• I. Kh. Dvoretsky, Ancient Greek–Russian Dictionary, Moscow, 1958.
• A. D. Weisman, Greek–Russian Dictionary, Moscow, 1991.
• Greek–Russian Dictionary of the New Testament, Moscow, 1997.
• The New Testament in Greek with a Russian interlinear translation, St Petersburg, 2001.
• Strong’s numbers.
• The International Critical Commentary.
• For the English row, the standard lexica of classical and biblical Greek were consulted; the wording of every gloss is my own.

Other translations shown alongside

These are not part of the interlinear. They are set beside it so that a chapter can be read at once word by word and as continuous prose:

• Russian Synodal Translation, 1876 — public domain.
• Church Slavonic, the Elizabeth Bible, 1757 — public domain.
• Modern Russian Translation, Russian Bible Society, 2011 — the work of its own translators, shown here for comparison.
• Lopukhin’s Explanatory Bible, 1904–1913 — public domain, in Russian.

English literary translations are not here yet. When they are added, they will be public-domain editions, and this page will say which.

The interlinear translation itself

The word-by-word rendering into Russian, Ukrainian and English, the alternative readings, the cross-references, the dictionaries assembled for this collection and the concordances built from it are my own work, made between 2002 and 2026.

They may be read, downloaded, printed, copied and passed on freely for non-commercial purposes, provided the source is credited. One use is expressly withheld: training, fine-tuning or evaluating machine learning systems on this material. The full statement, in Russian and in English, is on the terms of use page.

Corrections

If a citation on this page is wrong, or a source is credited badly, write and it will be put right. The same goes for the translation itself: a mistake reported comes back into the text, which is the whole reason the link is asked for.